Agricultural Application Of Industrial Microbiology

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Introduction

Applied microbiology is technical self-control that deals with the application of microorganisms and the knowledge about them in biotechnology, food microbiology, agriculture, medicine, and bioremediation.

Industrial microbiology is a branch of beneficial microbiology in which microorganisms are used in industrial processes like, in the production of high-value products such as drugs, chemicals, fuels and electricity.

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Agricultural microbiology is a field of study disturbed with plant-associated microbes. It purposes to address harms in agricultural practices usually caused by a lack of biodiversity in microbial communities. An understanding of microbial strains relevant to agricultural applications is useful in the improvement of factors such as soil nutrients, plant-pathogen resistance, crop robustness, fertilization uptake efficiency, and more. The many symbiotic relationships between plants and microbes can initially be exploited for greater food production necessary to feed the expanding human populace, in addition to safer farming methods for the sake of reducing the biological commotion

History of agriculture and industrial microbiology

The botanist Sir Albert Howard is often referred to as the father of modern organic agriculture. From 1905 to 1924, he worked as an agricultural adviser in Pusa, Bengal, where he documented outmoded Indian farming practices and came to regard them as superior to his conventional agriculture science.

Sir Albert Howard. ‘The health of soil, plant, animal and man is one and indivisible.’ Sir Albert Howard (1873-1947) is often referred to as the father of modern Organic Agriculture. He renowned the relationship between the rise and fall of civilisations and their agricultural follows.The history of agriculture is the story of humankind’s development and agriculture of processes for producing food, feed, fiber, energy, and other goods by the systematic educating of plants and animals. Prior to the development of plant cultivation, human beings were hunters and gatherers. The knowledge and ability of learning to care for the soil and growth of plants advanced the development of human society, allowing clans and tribes to stay in one location generation after generation.

Industrial agriculture

Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that mentions to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. They include advances in agricultural machinery and agricultural methods, genetic technology, techniques for doing economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade.

Role of Microbiology in Agricultural

Agricultural microbiology is a branch of microbiology production with plant-associated microbes and plant and animal diseases. It also pacts with the microbiology of soil fertility, such as microbial dilapidation of organic substances and soil nutrient changes. Again from different naturally-occurring microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, these solutions can protect crops from pests and diseases and improve plant productivity and fertility. Microbial solutions make up around two-thirds of the agricultural bio- logical industry

Industrial, medical and environmental applications of microorganisms’ offers an excellent opportunity to learn about new insights, methods, techniques and advances in applied microbiology. It is useful not only for those traditionally involved in this research area but for everyone that needs to keep up with this diverse discipline.

The articles are written by researchers from around the world and focus on seven melodies:

  1. Environmental microbiology
  2. Agriculture, soil and forest microbiology
  3. Food microbiology
  4. Industrial microbiology
  5. Medical microbiology
  6. Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins
  7. Methods and techniques – education

Plant-microbes symbiosis:

Strains of free-living bacteria, fungal, protozoa have coevolved with a variety of plants to produce symbiotic relationships that often benefit one or more of the organisms involved

These microorganisms colonize the surface of the plant root, known as the rhizosphere among these there are three major groups of microbial used on agricultural crops.

Mycorrhizal fungal. take many functions either growing or promoting host plant uptake of nitrogen and phosphorousAMF species produce structures like arbuscules and vesicles (sites of nutrient transfer and storage, respectively). They also build scaffoldings of hyphal networks surrounding the plant roots they colonize. AMF species are highly abundant and play a vital role in their ecosystems by promoting plant growth through numerous mechanisms [3]. AMF symbiosis promotes host plant uptake of nitrogen and phosphorous. They are most commonly found in well-aerated and cultivated top soils. Common genera include Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium Trichoderma, Alternaria,

Rhizobacteria: supply the plant with nutrients from the soil and improve water and mineral uptake. This broad group of soil bacteria colonizes developing plant roots. Plant growth is promoted in a variety of methods; some bacteria synthesize plant growth hormones like indoleacetic acid and other auxins , while others supply the plant with nutrients from the soil. Phytohormone expression by PGPR have also been proposed to promote the growth of roots through improved water and mineral uptake. Nitrogen-fixing rhizobia: is element in the atmosphere takes plant growth for basal amino acid and protein and cellular components. Triple-bonded diatomic nitrogen, constituting about 78% of our atmosphere, is highly stable and unable to be used by plants [8]. Symbiotic rhizobia form anaerobic nodules on the roots of legumes and express genes for enzymes like nitrogenase to fix nitrogen into bioavailable compounds for their host plants. Nitrogen is an element ubiquitously found in amino acids, proteins, and many other cellular components; its bioavailability is crucial to the growth of a plan

Valuable input from genomics and bioresources

The genomics of both partners legumes and rhizobia and their bioresources have been crucial in the facilitation of recent progress in the study of legume and microbe interactions. In particular, the activities of the Kazusa DNA Research Institute and the M. truncatula genome sequence consortium have contributed significantly to our understanding of plant-microbe interactions, which may be summarized as follows:

Information has been generated on the majority of genome sequences from euchromatic regions and corresponding genetic markers for model legumes Young et al. 2005, Sato et al. 2008. Web databases have been constructed for the L. japonicus genome database, miyakogusa. And M. truncatula sequencing resources, to provide detailed information on L. japonicus and M. truncatula genomes and markers Young et al. 2005, Sato et al. 2008. This greatly facilitates the identification of causal genes of symbiotic mutants in the model legumes Sandal et al. 2006, Oldroyd and Downie 2008, Parniske 2008, Kouchi et al. 2010.

Complete genome sequences have been obtained of the endosymbionts Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 Kaneko et al. 2000, Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 Galibert et al. 2001 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 Kaneko et al. 2012, and the endophyte Azospirillum sp. B510 Kaneko et al. 2010, and comprehensive web databases for these bacteria have been constructed: RhizoBase and RhizoGATE .Several analysis tools and post-genomic data for S. meliloti have been well integrated in RhizoGATE . A large-scale protein–protein interaction database for M. loti using the yeast two-hybrid system is available Shimoda et al. 2008a. In addition, a mutant library of M. loti has been made using the signature-tagged mutagenesis technique, covering 3,680 non-redundant M. loti genes 51% of the total genes Shimoda et al. 2008b, which is distributed worldwide via the NBRP This information collected with the mutant material will enable significant progress in this field in the next decade. This special collection of articles highpoints some of the recent progress made in understanding plant-microbe symbiosis and its role to the plant and microbial worlds.

Plants Depend on Microbes

The relationships between plants and microbes date back to the origin of plants, when a original cell and a cyanobacterium formed a new partnership; the cyanobacterium took up residence in the cell, eventually losing the ability to live independently and evolving into the organelle we now call a chloroplast, providing the cell with the capacity to transform sunlight and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen. This transformative evolutionary event certified plants to compete in the full microbial world and evolve into many multicellular forms.

Chloroplasts are not the only example of an active plant-microbe partnership; plants formed partnerships with microbes to acquire nitrogen and other nutrients, deter pathogens and grazers, and many other functions. Really, the number of recognised borders is large and growing all the time. What is becoming gradually clear is that plant health is intimately tied up with difficult and largely invisible ecosystems in which literally thousands of species are competing or connecting in response to regularly changing environmental conditions.

What Kinds of Services Can Microbes Provide?

Microbes play a part in successfully all plant physiological processes. At any given time, plants may or may not be helpless on microbes for any given service but, mostly under conditions of scarcity or stress, microbes are likely to be essential for:

  • acquisition of nutrients
  • pathogen and predator resistance
  • resisting environmental stresses of many kinds, such as drought, flooding, salinity, heavy metal or organic pollutant contamination, and high or low temperature.

The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth of the cassava plant is an example of the dramatic effect microbes can have on plant productivity. Cassava is a staple crop in the tropics, but its productivity is limited by the typically nutrient-poor humid soil, and planters are obliged to use classy phosphate fertilisers to boost crop yields. However, AMF can grow within cassava roots and prolong their hyphae out into the soil to transport phosphorus, sulfur, nitrogen and other micronutrients to the cassava plant.

Beneficial Microbes for Agriculture

Microbes include fungi, bacteria and viruses. Planters and planters often think of microbes as pests that are critical to their crops or animals as well as themselves, but many microbes are beneficial. Soil microbes’ bacteria and fungi are necessary for decaying organic matter and salvaging old plant material. Some soil bacteria and fungi form relationships with plant roots that deliver important nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorus. Fungi can colonize the upper parts of plants and deliver many benefits, including famine tolerance, heat tolerance, resistance to pests and resistance to plant diseases. Viruses are nearly always thought of as causes of disease. This is because the ones that cause disease are the ones that have been studied. We have been looking for viruses in wild plants from the Nature Conservancy’s Tall Grass Prairie Preserve in northeastern Oklahoma. About half the plants have viruses, but most don’t seem to be sick at all. The viruses seem to be living in the plants without doing any harm. Newly we strained some plants that were infected with viruses by not watering them. This was part of additional research, but, to our surprise, all of the plants infected by viruses were much more tolerant of deficiency. The plants included 10 different classes, and we used four different viruses. In all cases, the virus-infected plants did much better under drought pressure.

We also found that viruses can help more difficult relationships. In Yellowstone National Park, soil temperatures can get handsome hot in the geothermal areas, but some plants can mature very well in these places with soil temperatures of 115°F. One plant that tolerates the heat is hot springs panic grass. A few years ago, other researchers found that the plant was colonized by a fungus. Without the fungus, the plant could not tolerate the heat. We further found that there was a virus in the fungus. When we were able to cure the fungus of its virus, it could still colonize the plants, but it no longer conferred tolerance to heat. When we reintroduced the virus, it restored heat In a world abundant with microorganisms, advantages and risk are persistently postured to plants and the environment. Risk originates from microbial pathogens that execute an extensive variety of plant diseases, reducing agricultural productivity.

Non-beneficial microbial agriculture

Pathogenic microorganisms include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria and viruses. Some of these pathogenic microorganisms will decompose root nodules, leaching nutrients from the plant, reducing the efficiency of nutrient uptake and mobilization, and further leading to nutrient deficiency and stunted plant growth.

In nature, plants and animals continuously interact with numerous microbial species during all the stages of the life cycle. From early times of evolution, humans are exposed to a rich microbial world that extends the human capacity to adapt to a healthy life

Similarly, plants cohabit with microbes, including archaea, protists, bacteria, and fungi together called microbiota. The beginning of microbial life dated back to the beginning of life (more than 3.5 billion years), suggesting that microbe-microbe interactions have evolved and diversified over time, long before the adaptation of plants to the land life, i.e., before 450 million years

Higher plants and photosynthetic algae assimilated cyanobacterial endosymbionts in the process of evolution, now we know them as chloroplasts or plastids

Thus, the evolutionary history of plant and microbes share common origins, and their survival is interdependent. Consequently, the “plant microbiota” has gained more attention that exists within or nearby surfaces of the plant parts

Profiling of the plant-associated microbiome genome assemblies of all microbes is an emerging concept to understand the plant-microbe (PM) interactions.

Microbiota extends the plant capacity to acclimatize fluctuating environmental conditions through several mechanisms.

Conclusion

Industrial agriculture is a form of modern farming that mentions to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. The methods of industrial agriculture are technoscientific, economic, and political. They include advances in agricultural machinery and agricultural methods, genetic technology, techniques for doing economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade industrial, medical and environmental applications of microorganisms’ offers an excellent opportunity to learn about new insights, methods, techniques and advances in applied microbiology. It is useful not only for those traditionally involved in this research area but for everyone that needs to keep up with this diverse discipline

decaying organic matter and salvaging old plant material. Some soil bacteria and fungi form relationships with plant roots that deliver important nutrients like nitrogen or phosphorus. Fungi can colonize the upper parts of plants and deliver many benefits, including famine tolerance, heat tolerance, resistance to pests and resistance to plant diseases. Viruses are nearly always thought of as causes of disease. This is because

Reference

  1. https://www.noble.org/news/publications/ag-news-and-views/2008/october/beneficial-microbes-for-agriculture/
  2. https://www.bym-kouso.jp/farming/english/ https://www.google.com/search?q=harmful+microorganisms+in+agriculture&rlz=1C1GGRV_enSO850SO850&sxsrf=ACYBGNSVty0VSj6vShb5R95J2bR7VtuZBQ:1576060146729&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjizMLJsa3mAhXFRxUIHZk1CrgQ_AUoAXoECBIQAw&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=EH65rj0CL5S6RM:
  3. http://www.hillagric.ac.in/edu/coa/agronomy/lect/agron-3610/Lecture-1-Introducing-Organic-Agriculture.pdfhttps://www.intechopen.com/books/soybean-biomass-yield-and-productivity/beneficial-plant-microbe-interactions-and-their-effect-on-nutrient-uptake-yield-and-stress-resistahttps://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcq125 Published:07 September 2010
  4. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-81-322-2068-8_1nc

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