Listening In Studying Foreign Language: Literature Review
1. According to Istiqomah A (2016) International language is English, so it is very important to learn in this global era. English became a foreign language and a subject in Indonesia. In other words, Language especially English is a tool used to built or create communication and has influenced people around the world, therefore language is the main factor in communication. Having good language skill will make people easier to communicate, then people should understand what they state and they understand what other people state. In language skills, there are four crucial skills such as writing, speaking, reading, and listening.
2. G. Sumalinog (2018: 612) ‘the form of language and its features are believed to greatly affect listening skills which are active skills. It only means that getting acquainted with the listener with many parts of the language and its effect on listening and understanding is needed. Therefore, the structure of the language and its features have an influence on the listener, because each language has a different structure and parts of the language. In listening to the structure of language and its features are very necessary because in understanding or interpreting a meaning in language can be heard from the structure and features.
3. According to (Hamouda, 2013:115), for teacher there are two way to help students in increasing their listening capability, teachers must realize the difficulties faced by learners in comprehending text and try to use efficient strategies to help students to fix their problems in their teaching listening. Thus, the teacher in teaching listening should be creative, innovative and has good approaches and methods to solve students’ difficulties during the learning listening. The approach using in their teaching should helpfull because this skill is an active skill so the teacher has an important the role that is useful to make students able to master this skill. Teachers who lack understanding of students’ difficulties will make students difficult to develop and students will experience stagnation because students have difficulty improving their skills and difficult to solve problems or causes that make them difficult to learn to listen. Therefore teachers are expected to be a place for their students.
4. According to (Apriliya, 2017), learners faced many problems through the listening practice. The internal and external characteristics as a part of the listening problems, the varoius stages of listening comprehension would arise some problems in the content of comprehending and real-life processing the problems due to internal and external factors. Moreover, not only the difficulties that students faced but also many factors caused in learning listening comprehension. The internal factor it came by students’ motivation, students’ basic knowledge, or students’ interest in learning listening comprehension. For the external, factor it come by environmental condition, teachers’ strategy or method in teaching listening, the quality of audio recorder, or the class condition.
5. According to (Solak, 2016) “catching the meaning and getting the speakers’ word is a process to be an active and interactional in listening. The listener attempt to understand the propose message of the oral text to giving a reaction effectively to oral communication. Therefore listening is not only hearing but also the process to comprehend the meaning of the words producing by speaker. There is a process to attach the meaning through the bottom-up and top-down process. In this process the listener be able to comprehend the meaning using their prior knowledge or collect the message piece-by-piece from the speech stream, going from the parts to the whole, so the listeners be able to convey the actual information based on their understanding
6. According to (Yusnida, Musleman, and Manan : 2007), the key to all effective communication is listening because without the listening skill misunderstood often happened in effectively messages, there is no communication and the sender of the message be able to easily become frustrated or irritated. It suggested that listening can be done in a narrow and limited way, or it can be done in a way that enriches communication. Listening has an important role in communicating, when we have good listening skills we automatically can communicate well and the message that we will convey to the listener can be understood.
7. According to (Nation 2008: 40), in top-down processes listeners are engaged to bring their whole—their prior knowledge and their content and rhetorical schemata—to the parts. So, listeners use their basic knowledge of listening concept that they have to build an assumption about the message conveying y speaker and also using parts of the message to confirm correct or add to this. Thus,Top-down process is a processs of comprehending informations hearing by listeners using their basic knowledge so they can conduct the information that they hear to the information they have. The background knowledge of the listeners will helpful for them to catch the message of speakers said. So, they will clarify the right message after conduct their background knowledge.
8. According to (H. long & J. Doughty, 2009, p. 401) Bottom-up processing in listening entails the perception of sounds and words in a speech stream. When there is an adequate perception of lexical information, listeners can use their background knowledge to interpret the input. The bottom-up approach to teaching listening acknowledges the primacy of the acoustic signal and focuses on helping learners develop critical perception skills.
9. According to (Brown, 2000, pp. 7), performing or helping someone to study how to do something, giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with infromation, causing to know or to understand is the role of the theaching process. Thus, teaching listening is not only a tool to communicate in daily activity but also teaching listening is a producer of information conveyed by the speaker to the listener. In the teaching we should know the students’ basic knowledge or the method making them to understand the material. Than make sure that they comprehend the whole material.
10. According to (Hughes: 1991, p. 134), micro-skills and macro-skills are the part of listening. In micro-skills, listeners must understand what someone speaks and interpret the intonation patterns, recognition of functions and structures, cohesive devices,indetify the sentence constituents and recognize discourse markers. In macro-skills, listeners comprehend what someone speaks and able to engage through listening for specific information and finding the gist from what is being heard or the listener should get the mind idea of the information from following instructions or directions.’ Micro and macro are skills that must be possessed by students to understand the information conveyed by the speaker. Listener can understand information by using macro skills that are very simple because in macro skills students can get information only by understanding the main language without understanding the structure, the intonation of the speakers and others. Whereas in micro skills students must understand the intonation, structure and all the speakers say or do to get the information being discussed.
11. Gilakjani1, Sabouri2 (2016), the universities and schools believed that writing, reading, and vocabulary is more important than listening, so it make problems in listening facing by students who have critical difficulties. Generally, teachers do not regard to this important ability because listening is not an important part of various course books. Therefore, listening should be more consider by lecturers and teachers because listening has an important role in learning and daily life, the most fun activity is listening. Listening is deeply influential in daily life and basic skill that must be possessed in order to alance other skills. Listening is needed to comprehend the words or sentences then the listener be able to write the message or speak it.
12. According to (Saraswaty, 2018) state, “ In English language there are a lot of words have more than one meaning and if they are not used appropriately in their appropriate contexts students will get confused.” Thus, the listener has difficulty understanding the words spoken by the speaker and cannot understand the topic being spoken or said by the speaker. Students who have a limited vocabulary will be very difficult to understand or understand the topic discussed. If they do not understand one word, it make them confused and lose focus to understand the speaker even they can misunderstand the meaning of the sentence even the students did not know what the different types of jargon and idioms are. This indicates that vocabulary has a big role in listening learning because vocabulary is basic knowledge that must comprehend by students.
13. According to (Bingol, Celik, Yidliz, & Mart, 2014), in this global era with very rapid technology advances, there are some classrooms do not have computer, smart board, multimedia systems and so on. The quality of sound system also affects understanding of listening. Thus, the quality of record materials is one of the problems because sub-standard record quality will create an unclear sound when the recorde played. Learners will find the difficulties to comprehend the context discussing by speaker.
14. According to (Goh, 1999), the most significant factor influencing listener comprehension is that this accent is proven by 66% of students. Thus, accent is one of the problems that students face in learning to listen. When students listen to a word they normally hear, but with a different accent, they do not know the word expressed by the speaker. When students get used to American accents they will find it difficult to understand them in accents, Indian accents and others. This will certainly disrupt the completely listening comprehension process and at the same time, an unfamiliar accent makes comprehension impossible for the listeners.
15. According to (Bingol, Celik, Yildizi, & Mart, 2014), when listening to a long section of more than three minutes, storing all information in mind and completing activities that have been determined lower level students will be more difficult to understand than top level students. Therefore, students find the difficult to understand all the information they hear from the speakers because the text is too long and the English language that students have is low. If students are given a shorter text it will make it easy for them to understand the context that the speaker is talking about, reducing boredom because when students listen to text or dialogue that is too long students tend to get bored listening and lose concentration. Then, the speed makes listening text difficult.
16. According to (Carroll, 1977), Listeners obtain the difficulties to recognize the speaker’s words when speaking faster. The text that contains a lot of information make difficult for listeners to store information in mind and that requires extraordinary listening skills and strategies to understand. Thus, the speed of the speaker influences students’ understanding of the words and also the message conveyed by the speaker. Not all students can understand a lot of information in one time because it requires good longter memory and listening skills that are continuously trained. Long-term memory in this skill is needed because students are expected to be able to understand the information they hear directly and can deliver it in written or spoken form.
17. According (Darti, 2016), The lack of English language skill from the listeners is one of the problems in listening. The high concentration is needed in listening comprehension because feeling nervous or anxious, learners cannot concentration. Therefore, students’ understanding of English language is one of the factors that make it difficult for them to learn English, especially listening. In listening, a high level of concentration is needed because students must understand every sentence or word the speaker is saying. When they lose concentration while learning to listen, they will not be able to listen or understand every word the speaker is saying. Basic skills in good English will make it easier for them in every listening lesson. The teacher does not only give the lesson of listening but also students have to drill their listening skills because any abilities that are not honed will not go well. Students’ motivation is one of the crucial factors that affect listening comprehension. It can be difficult for students maintaining the concentration in a foreign language-learning classroom. In listening comprehension, even the smallest pause in attention may considerably spoil comprehension
18. According to (Cubalit, 2016) Listener find it difficult to understand the speaker because there are several factors; physical environmental factors such as soft teacher voice, sound systems and equipment that is problematic. Thus, sometimes the inconvenience of a classroom atmosphere that is too noisy will affect students in class learning. Students will feel comfortable learning in class if the atmosphere is conducive because listening needed to focus on listening to the topic that the speaker is saying. The condition of classrooms that are too hot, humid, and noise is also a factor that affects students learning listening. In a classroom, that has a large number students who are sitting on the back rows may not hear the recording as students sit in front.
19. According to Osada (2004), the speakers’ vocabulary sometimes unfamiliar to the listener so it is one of the problems in listening. Thus, in a spoken text producing by the speaker there are some or many unfamiliar words. listeners find it difficult to understand the message contained in the text because listeners tend to find the meaning of these words. so they don’t focus on listening to the next sentence so they lose some information.
