Literature Review: Summary References In Neuroscience And Biology

Reference 1

Insel, T.R., 2016. Translating Oxytocin Neuroscience to the Clinic: A National Institute of Mental Health Perspective. Biological psychiatry, 79(3), pp.153-154, viewed 23 April 2020, Biological Psychiatry database, DOI 10.10.16/j.biopsych.2015.02.002.

Two examples of in-text Citation

1. The presence of oxytocin stems in the laboratory animals such as mice, demonstrates that peptide is required and effective for social behavior, from maternal care to couple bonding.( Thomas Roland Insel 2016)
2. The correlation of elevated oxytocin levels in the organisms in the bran with the gratification tend to display high rates of behavior. .( Thomas Roland Insel 2016)

Authority of reference / Academic appropriateness

This article is published by Thomas Roland Insel, an American neuroscientist and physician, he attended Boston University Medical School and was educated in physiology at San Francisco University in California. He is best known for research on oxytocin and leading the National Institute of Mental Health from 2002 until November 2015.

The main audience for this article is university students both postgraduate and undergraduate, and scholars’ researches in the medical field. It informs them about additional data on Oxytocin and how it involves mental health.

Summary of the reference

According to the studies which show that the prosocial impact of oxytocin on rats will promote the usage of oxytocin in the treatment of human cognitive deficits. Furthermore, animal Experiments have found that the benefits of oxytocin are specific for each species.

Relevant evidence explains the impact of intranasal oxytocin on social learning in humans. However, scientists need to learn the target of oxytocin and critically determine the dosage required for intervention aiming. Before this research interprets trials on humans with social deficits.

A healthy efficient pro-social compound may have strong benefit for people with social deficits. However, the absence of dosage effecting the aim intervention adverse results would not be intelligible with effective result, the process can’t be repeated.

Why is this reference relevant to your report’s argument?

This journal supports my view that oxytocin could prevent mental illness including the hormone function, by introducing the benefits of oxytocin. The information gained from this article would be a section discussed in my report.

Reference 2

Steimer, T., 2002. The biology of fear-and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in clinical neuroscience, 4(3), p.231. viewed 23 April 2020, NCBI.

Two examples of in-text Citation

1. The new modern study on emotions has undoubtedly started when it became apparent that emotions were influenced by physiological and behavioral adjustments and not based on only “feelings” or mental health.( Steimer, T., 2002)
2. Steimer, T stated that hormones of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (axis) (HPA) such as cortisol, or corticosterone (in rodents), adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, and corticotropin -releasing factors are theoretically elevated in a condition of apprehension and anxiety. They often amplify the answer to harmful incidents.

Authority of reference / Academic appropriateness

Thierry Steimer has a PDH on Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit and attended , Geneva University in Switzerland .

The main audience for this article is university students both postgraduate and undergraduate, and scholars’ researches in the medical field. It educates them specifically about fear and the hormones that are being used throughout the process

Summary of the reference

The significant function of the prefrontal cortex (PCF) plays a huge role by regulating traumatic factors in humans and animals. As emotional and cognitive states cannot be detached except when an individual recognizes a simple emotion such as terror. Cognitive anticipation of circumstances and activities is essential to traumatic interactions and it also influences coping techniques or defensive systems.

Why is this reference relevant to your report’s argument?

This journal is helpful for my report as it clarifies the meaning of fear and anxiety, it is essential to critically understand the process of fear and its’ effectiveness on the species before finding a way to prevent it or reduce it. Therefore, the information in this article would be useful to include in my report.

Reference 3

Holt-Lunstad, J., Ditzen, B. and Light, K.C., 2019. Oxytocin, social relationships, and health: An introduction to the special issue,pp.1-4, viewed 23 April 2020 ElSevier database, DOI 10.10.1016/j.ipsycho.2018.12.008.

Two examples of in-text Citation

1. Tests showed that Oxytocin enhanced parasympathetic reaction and aggression towards social pestering challenges. However, gender disparities were not identified. (Holt-Lunstad, J., Ditzen, B. and Light, K.C., 2019.)
2. Enhanced oxytocin activation in the brain as present is stable partnership may guard the individual against traumatic experiences in life and associated vulnerability to mental and physical health effects. (Holt-Lunstad, J., Ditzen, B. and Light, K.C., 2019.)

Authority of reference / Academic appropriateness

• Julianne Holt-Lunstad studied Department of Psychology at Brigham Young University, in United States of America.
• Beate Ditzen studied Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, at Heidelberg University, in Germany.
• Kathleen C Light studied Department of Anesthesiology, at University of Utah, in United States of America

The main audience for this article is university students both postgraduate and undergraduate, and scholars’ researches in the medical field. It informs them about additional data on Oxytocin and how it involves mental health.

Summary of the reference

This report expands the audience’s knowledge of the influence of oxytocin in the brain and how it attributes to social functioning. However, by presenting data to fully understand the role of Oxytocin as a biological mediator in gaining a deeper understanding of the interactions between social ties and physical health. Further studies have required gaps in the modern understanding of oxytocin.

Moreover, this article illustrates how the environment and social relationships outline individual differences in health and diseases.

Why is this reference relevant to your report’s argument?

This journal supports my view that oxytocin could influence the behaviour of the individual with further understanding about the hormone. The information gained from this article would be a section discussed in my report.

Reference 4

Eckstein, M., de Minas, A.C.A., Scheele, D., Kreuder, A.K., Hurlemann, R., Grinevich, V. and Ditzen, B., 2019. Oxytocin for learning calm and safety. International journal of psychophysiology, 136, pp.5-14. viewed 23 April 2020 ElSevier database, DOI 10.1016/j.ipsycho.2018.06.004

Two examples of in-text Citation

1. Oxytocin improves essential emotional processing mechanisms both development and removal of emotional contents, while at the same time growing pain perceptions. (Eckstein, M et.al)
2. The responsive interaction inside the neural emotion network is modulated by oxytocin in combination with clinical studies tests of depression and anxiety. Where the modulatory effect of oxytocin is powerful in person with the least therapeutic workload. (Eckstein, M. 2017)

Authority of reference / Academic appropriateness

• Monika Eckstein works at Institute of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, and graduated from Heidelberg University.
• Ana C. Almeida de Minas b Schaller ia a researcher on Neuropeptides, at German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69115 Heidelberg, Germany.
• Dirk Scheele and Ann-Kathrin Kreuder are involved in division of Medical Psychology, and graduated from University of Bon Germany.
• René Hurlemann works at a department of Psychiatry, and graduated from University of Bonn, Germany.
• Beate Ditzen works at an Institute of Medical Psychology and graduated from Heidelberg University, in Germany . Valery Grinevich Schaller is a researcher based on group of Neuropeptides in German Cancer Research Center: Central Institute of Mental Health”, Germany.

The main audience for this article is university students both postgraduate and undergraduate, and scholars’ researches in the medical field. It informs them about additional data on Oxytocin and how it involves mental health.

Summary of the reference

The article discusses the application of OXT a remedy agent to psychopathologies related to learning about safety. Moreover, it explores the connection between oxytocin and mental health, it elaborates on how the individual can differentiate between safe and dangerous situations. Where hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) regulates fear and stress forming a neutral state signaling a safe feeling state to the species.

Why is this reference relevant to your report’s argument?

This journal demonstrates the relationship between oxytocin and fear. The information gained from this article would be a section discussed in my report.

Reference 5

Pisansky, M.T., Hanson, L.R., Gottesman, I.I. and Gewirtz, J.C., 2017. Oxytocin enhances observational fear in mice. Nature communications, 8(1), pp.1-11. viewed 23 April 2020, Nature Communications Database, DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-02279-5.

Two examples of in-text Citation

1. The result of the experiment confirmed that thus containing an excessive amount of oxytocin affected the behavioural of the mice under stress or fear rather than the fear by itself.( Pisansky, M.T et.al)
2. (Pisansky, M.T et.al) came up with a “Hypothesis stating that a common spectator mice display escapes an activity after repeated trauma exposure.”

Authority of reference / Academic appropriateness

• Marc T. Pisansky is a Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota.
• Leah R. Hanson is a researcher on neuroscience at HealthPartners Research Foundation USA.
• Irving I. Gottesman studied Irving I. Gottesman at university of London and (social relations and psychology) at Harvard University.
• Jonathan C. Gewirtz works in a Department of Neuroscience graduated from University of Minnesota .

The main audience for this article is university students both postgraduate and undergraduate, and scholars’ researches in the medical field. It informs them about additional data on Oxytocin and how it involves mental health.

Summary of the reference

This article is based on an experiment done on mice testing whether oxytocin will prevent fear or is it based on controlling their behaviour under stress. The data signified that acute intranasal oxytocin penetrates the brain and stimulates neuronal function inside the anterior cingulate cortex. Whereas, persistent dosage induces long-term cognitive anxiety facilitation and decreases the output of the oxytocin receptor in the amygdala. Therefore, these manipulated data indicate that anxiety has developed as a consequence of direct interaction with the source of stress.

Why is this reference relevant to your report’s argument?

This journal supports and illustrate my view that oxytocin would be helpful to reduce fear of the individual while being distressed. The information gained from this article would be a section discussed in my report.