Public and Global Health in the United States Based on Case Study among HIV/AIDS Infection

In the United States more than half-century, in the healthcare system have being a chronic problem due to political influences that underlies it. Government intervention in healthcare system broth a terrible impact on care structure. For a better understanding why, health has distributed the way that they are we are going through previous and current statistics in the domain of public health. Following further results, we will see how the health system changed in time due to historical stages. To affords explanations in a concrete and specific way we will evaluate a disease with a global spectrum. The HIV/AIDS pandemic will take place in our research in order to discover and demonstrate how the health system is dealing with this issue and the impact of the disease in United States. We will take into consideration and establish variations that have been recorded as a result of political changes and the new legislations introduced. In the last section will be discussing what SDG’s targets are and what the proposes are for Global Health Goals.

Throughout human history, global health system was defined in so many ways due to developments that improved our living conditions. Based on Markle (2013) statistics, the life expectancy was increased with almost 30 years in the United States in the last century and more than 22 years elsewhere in the world. Those results are based on World Health Organisation system, who are dealing with different aspect, starting from primary care, personal health, disease prevention to facilitates the constant relationship between clinicians and patients. For a better understanding what the sustainable development World Health Organisation are, we are going to explore the truth that winning our point. Glodsteen et al. (2011) highlight how AIDS infection in 1980’s was a death sentence for those who contacted it. Later around 1990’s, AIDS diagnoses began to decline because of the antiretroviral therapies that was discovered in 1987. A reasonable approach to tackle this issue need to be made among World Health Organisation to identify what have had developed during the decade about HIV/AIDS disease.

‘’The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established on 7 April 1948, and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.’’ Wikipedia (2019). Along with World Bank, constitute the essential team responsible for controlling the International Health Relationship.

What does that mean in practice? According to Wikipedia (2019) ‘’Between 1990 and 2010, WHO help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis, and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO’’. As we can already noticed the World Health Organization it working so well , but the question that will you be thinking about is what happened beyond the structure because even the structure is function properly in the United States of America the HIV/AIDS infection is still concerning. In order to proof and demonstrate the supposition we are going through quantitative research that has arisen during the recent history.

Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) survey around 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV. Approximately 15 percent of them are unaware they are infected. This result shows that 1 person from 7 are infected. Between 2010 and 2016 the number of HIV infection by age group has being reduced among people ages 13 to 14 and 45 to 54 but have increased among people aged 25-34. For those people between 33 to 44 respectively 55 the number of infections remained stable.

The same study between 2010 to 2016 argue that people infected with HIV based on statistics by race / ethnicity decreased among blacks – Africans Americans, people with mix races, whites and remained stable for Asians and Hispanics-Latinos. Centred on sex approaches between 2010-2016 the annual numbers decreased among female and for males remained stable.

According to WHO (2016) between 2010 -2016 the annual transmission category of people that are HIV infected decreased among male and female adults and adolescents with infection because of drugs injections and among HIV infected female becouse of heterosexual contact. Furthermore, the same study shows that annual numbers remained constant among males with infection attributed to male-to-male sexual contact, among males infected ascribed male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use and among females and males with infection attributed to injection drug use. The death rates among people with diagnosed HIV in the United States in 2016 were 15,807. 47% of the deaths were in South, 23% were in Northeast and 16% were in West. In Midwest 11% and 2% were in U.S. dependent areas. It has been established by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) that in 2017, in the U.S. 17,803 people received a stage 3 (AIDS) diagnosis.

Another evidence was established by Centres for disease control and prevention (2019) that in 2017, 38,739 people received an HIV diagnosis in the US’’, HIV Diagnoses in the US and Dependent Areas for the Most-Affected Subpopulations, 2017 2% or less from people who are receiving the diagnoses of HIV in 2017 are not part from this cart.

[image: Bar chart showing New HIV Diagnoses in the US for the Most-Affected Subpopulations, 2017. Black Male-to-Male Sexual Contact=9,807; Hispanic/Latino, Male-to-Male Sexual Contact=7,436; White, Male-to-Male Sexual Contact=6,892; Black Women, Heterosexual Contact=4,008; Black Men, Heterosexual Contact=1,717; Hispanic/Latina Women, Heterosexual Contact=1,058; White Women, Heterosexual Contact=999.]

Figure 1. HIV Surveillance Report 2018;29

New HIV Diagnoses in the US and Dependent Areas by Age, 2017

[image: Bar chart showing new HIV diagnoses in the US by age, 2017. 13 to 24=8,164; 25 to 34=13,433; 35 to 44=7,397; 45 to 54=5,735; 55 to 64=3,026; 65+=885.]

Figure 2. HIV Surveillance Report 2018;29

It is also notable that disease warns to reverse important achievement in human development. Between HIV/AIDS and human right is underlined a correlation because most of the people became vulnerable to contacting the HIV virus because are unable to realize their economic, social, political and cultural right.

The states obligation is to promote and protect HIV- related human right. One of the biggest priorities of human right is to prevent the spread of HIV and decreased the economic impact of the pandemic. United Nation Human Rights (1966-2019) argue that’’ AIDS become one of the most devastating disease humankinds has ever faced’’.

‘’Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) protect individuals with Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the Acquire Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) from discrimination based on their disability’’, Department of Health & Human Services office for Civil Right (2015). Human Right target for community as much as individuals is to help them to realize their rights and maintained equality before the law. In America the cost for HIV/AIDS is to high for too long and it is considered a significant public issue.

‘’Public health issues identified by the American Public Health Association were used to develop a coding scheme based on communications involving wellness and diet, disease prevention, substance abuse, workplace standards, and vaccinations’’ (McMillin et. al 2018, p.191)

HIV.gov (2013) assert that: ‘’The U.S. government spends $20 billion in annual direct health expenditures for HIV prevention and care’’. The government new initiative includes a reduction of number people that are infected with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. by 75% within 5 years and 90% within 10m years from a total 250,000 HIV infection averted.

In United States ‘’ President Trump propose $291 million in the FY2020 budget to bring his Administration ‘s initiative focused on ending the HIV epidemic by 2030’’, HIV.gov (2019).United Nation Global Compact (2019), the SDGs target till 2030 is to create a sustainable world, outline new markets and opportunities for companies all over the world. SDG’s focus on global level is to providing access to optimal antiretroviral formulations for those people who are HIV/AIDS infected.

In conclusion The U.S. must to participate alongside Global Health System in the reduction and prevention to the adverse consequences that can affect people health. In addition to the organisation of federal agencies, key components for the success of this initiative will be active partnerships with city, county, tribal, and state public health departments, local and regional clinics and healthcare facilities, clinicians, providers of medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder, professional associations, advocates, community- and faith-based organizations, and academic and research institutions.

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