The Effect Of Air Pollution On Lunges, Breast Cancer, And Pregnancy

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Introduction:

Air pollution Air toxins are made of chemicals that are the product of both industrial and natural activities. Cooking, transport, indoor heating, industrial activities, electricity generation and burning of biomass are dominant human-based activities of air pollution in many parts of the world. Some countries have a settled control system that records the degree of pollutants, such as solid particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and gases including sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen

Air pollution is very dangerous, and even low air emissions amounts pose a threat to human health. Air contamination is now considered a critical problem for public health and is blamed for a widening spectrum of environmental impacts. Rapid urbanization will result in more harmful environmental pollutant concentrations. Ambient air quality has long been a big health concern and the situation is getting worse every day. Inefficient transit infrastructure is the major cause of air pollution in large cities. For overcrowded areas, the degree of air pollution is higher than other regions, and can have significant impacts on human health by impacting the water and land habitats. This study will investigate the impact of air pollution on lunges, breast cancer, and pregnancy.

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Research Question:

What is the effect of air pollution on lunges, breast cancer, and pregnancy?

The effect of air pollution on lunges:

According to Edward Avol et al…, (2004), there is mounting evidence of persistent, harmful effects of air pollution on children’s pulmonary health. Scientific studies undertaken in Europe and the USA have shown that air pollution exposure is correlated with declines in lung function development, confirming earlier evidence based on cross-sectional results. Nonetheless, older retrospective studies have tracked young children for comparatively brief periods (two to four years), completely ignoring the issue of how the symptoms of air pollution extend from youth to adult life. The Children’s Health Study has recruited children from 12 neighborhoods in southern California that reflect a wide variety of exposures to ambient air pollution. We recorded the respiratory development of the children aged between 10 and 18 years. Children have significant improvements in lung capacity during the eight-year period. Girls’ lungs have almost developed by the age of 18, and development in lung function in boys has slowed considerably compared to the rate of early adolescence. We studied the relationship between long-term exposure to ambient air quality and growth in lung function over the eight-year period from the ages of 10 to 18.We have investigated how the reported impact of pollution on this eight-year growth cycle resulted in clinically meaningful lung function deficits at the age of 18.

Statistical analysis:

The outcome data consisted of the outcomes of 876 girls, 5454 pulmonary-function tests and 883 boys, 5300 tests over the eight-year period. We followed a two-stage regression approach to link the clinical results for each child’s pulmonary function to the average levels of air quality in each sample group. The first-stage model was a regression of each variable of pulmonary function (values were log-transformed) on age for girls and boys to achieve independent, community-specific average growth curves. We used a linear spline model14 to account for the growth trend during this time, consisting of four straight lines across the age ranges of less than 12 years, 12 to 14 years,14 to 16 years of age, and over 16 years of age, is required to bind at the three ‘knot’ points. The pattern included changes for height log values; body-mass index (weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters); square of bodies-mass index; race; appearance or absence of Hispanic ethnic history, doctor-diagnosed asthma, any cigarette use by the child in the previous year, Environmental cigarette smoke intake, and exercise or respiratory tract illness on the day of the test; and field technician and spirometer predictor variables. In addition to these covariates, statistical effects were included to compensate for the different measures each subject applied to. An inspection of the residual values verified that the model’s expectations were fulfilled. For each of the 12 populations, the first-stage model was used to measure the mean and variance of development for lung function over the eight-year period, separately for girls and adolescents. The second step model was a linear regression of the sex-and population-specific estimates of lung function development over the eight-year period at the corresponding average rates of each air pollutant in each group (Edward avol et al….., 2004).

The effect of air pollution on breast cancer:

Breast cancer is considered the most prevalent cancer in women, and can lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed disease and the world’s most influential cause of death from disease in women. The prevalence and death of cancer, particularly in developed countries, is growing universally. These findings are consistent with reports of an incidence of Globocan cancer. It is estimated that 1.7 million new cases were detected and 521,900 death occurred from this disease in 2012 worldwide Global diversity in breast cancer incidence indicates differences in risk factors. Because the prevalence of breast cancer cannot be clarified by a number of well-known risk factors, rigorous work will be carried out to look at any possible risk factors. Just about one-third of new breast cancer cases are thought to be due to well-known risk factors and other reasons are unexplained. It is also a possibility that reactions to the atmosphere can also cause breast cancer. A growing number of animal studies have found that animals subject to air pollution are at elevated risk of tumors in mammary glands. In general, breast cancer death rates are significantly higher in the urban population (industrialized areas) than in the rural population, and the ‘urban impact’ is frequently linked to air pollution in the literature. A variety of studies have found that air pollution is related to elevated risk of morbidity and death in breast cancer patients. (Fatemeh & Zahra 2017)

According to Bonner et al. (2005), in a case-control, population-based analysis, it was believed that early-life exposure to PAHs could lead to breast cancer in New York. In their research, 1,166 women with historically documented breast cancer and 2,105 controls balanced the same township by ethnicity, sex, and. The findings indicate that the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer can increase with PAHs; however, other geographically related confounders cannot be excluded.

In an article on traffic-related air pollution and risk of breast cancer mortality in Taiwan, the authors reported that exposure to large quantities of PM2.5, a surrogate indicator of PAHs, could be linked to an increased risk of breast cancer mortality. In this analysis the estimation of mortality was given more importance than the incidence. (Hung et al. 2012)

According to Nie et al. (2007), in a case-control report, the risk of breast cancer was measured in 1,170 cases during lifespan exposed to traffic pollution and 2,116 controls from Erie Residents and Niagara Counties. Findings found that exposure to menarche traffic pollution had a statistically significant relationship with higher risk of breast cancer during premenopausal periods and exposure to traffic pollution at the time of first birth of a woman had a statistically significant relationship with higher risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal periods.

The effect of air pollution on pregnancy

According to Frank et al ….(2010), During pregnancy, individual exposures to PM10 and NO2 were measured at the home address using continuous monitoring data and simulation techniques focused on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), taking into account both spatial and temporal differences in air pollution. In brief, for all addresses in the research area, annual average concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were measured for the years 2001 to 2006, using the 3 Dutch national air quality modeling standard methods. The hourly concentrations of PM10 and NO2 were consequently obtained, using hourly measures of air quality from 3 continuous monitoring stations (hourly calibration), taking into account hourly wind conditions and set temporal variations in source contributions. We derived individual exposure figures for various times of pregnancy on the basis of the home addresses of the participants. Information on hypertension and preeclampsia caused by pregnancy has been obtained from patient registries. People suspected of pregnancy risks on the basis of these reports were cross-checked with the initial medical history. The classification of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia was based on the following criteria: occurrence of systolic blood pressure as low as 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure as low as 90 mm Hg after 20 weeks of pregnancy in pre-normal patients. Both requirements plus the presence of proteinuria (i.e. 2 + or greater dipstick readings, 1 1 + or greater catheter sample reading, or 24-hour accumulation of urine containing at least 300 mg of protein), Protein was used to diagnose preeclampsia in children. Included in the preeclampsia community were patients with hemolysis with elevated liver enzymes and reduced platelet syndrome.

First, air pollution exposure correlations with regularly assessed systolic and diastolic blood pressure were analyzed using unbalanced, repetitive regression models of measurements. These models find the association between repeated measurements of the same topic and require incomplete result results. The best-fitting models were built using fractional polynomials of gestationalage.28 Averaged air pollution exposure over total pregnancy (PM10 or NO2, in quartiles) was used in such models as intercept and as a form of association with gestational age. Second, we measured the relationship of PM10 and NO2 rates with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the first cycle using multivariate linear regression models, second, and easy opening pregnancy. Third, the correlations of air quality sensitivity during pregnancy with pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression models. The air quality was used as a 10-μg / m3 rise in concentration in the linear and logistic regression models. We have completed air quality risk assessments classified in quartiles. (Frank et al ….2010).

Discussion:

The result of this study provide solid evidence that lung production, as measured by the growth in FVC, FEV1, and MMEF from the ages of 10 to 18 years, is decreased in children exposed to higher rates of ambient air pollution. The strongest correlations were found between FEV1 and a correlated set of toxins, namely nitrogen dioxide, acid vapor, and elemental carbon. The impact of these toxins on FEV1 were comparable in boys and girls and remained significant in children with no history of asthma and those with no history of smoking, indicating that most children are vulnerable to breathing contaminated air chronic respiratory symptoms. This large population-based retrospective longitudinal analysis from early pregnancy onwards shows that higher rates of PM10 sensitivity are associated with a steeper rise in systolic blood pressure during pregnancy and an elevated risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension over time. Extends beyond epidemiological studies in various communities on air pollution and cardiovascular endpoints, and indicates that exposure to air pollution may impact cardiovascular health in pregnant women. While there was a link between breast cancer and air pollution exposure, most studies were focused on composite data; if exposure to air pollution were contained in individual data, our hypothesis might be more accurate. Consequently, these remain an important area of potential study.

Conclusion:

The mechanism by which pollutant exposure may lead to a reduced development of the lung is unclear, although there are several possibilities. Our discovery of correlations between air pollution and all three lung function measurements-FVC, FEV1, and MMEF-indicates involving more than one method. FVC is primarily a function of the number and scale of the alveoli, with volume variations. The extent of the observed effects of air pollution on lung function growth across this age group was comparable to those reported for maternal smoking consumption, and lower than those reported for the effects of personal smoking. Cumulative reductions in lung function growth over the eight-year research period resulted in a clear correlation with consumption to human smoking. This study concluded a realistic link between general and absolute level of air pollution and risk of breast cancer in females. Although the reasons for how air pollution influences the incidence or development of breast cancer remain unclear, however as the association between these two factors has been determined, preventive measures to improve women’s health and quality of life remain required to protect them from air pollution, particularly in patients at high risk of breast cancer development. Blood pressure continues to decline during normal pregnancy in the first trimester, hitting its lowest point in mid-pregnancy, and then slowly rises to pregnancy rates by term. In diastolic this pattern is higher than with systolic blood pressure. Recent work suggests that there is a particular trend in people who have hypertensive gestational disorders. In the first half of pregnancy their blood pressure becomes constant, and then gradually rises before birth.

References:

  1. Shandiz, F. H., & Talasaz, Z. H. (2016). The relationship between breast cancer and air pollution: review article. Iran: Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.
  2. The New England journal of medicine. (2004). the Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age (Vol. 351). Los Angeles, California.
  3. Pierik, F. h, & Mackenbach, J. p. (2010). Air Pollution, Blood Pressure, and the Risk of Hypertensive Complications during Pregnancy. The Generation R Study Group (DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.164087
  4. World health organization (2019), how air pollution is destroying our health https://www.who.int/airpollution/news-and-events/how-air-pollution-is-destroying-our-health
  5. Karl Grossman (2007), Breast Cancer and the Environment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bq1mY__fwCA
  6. Can polluted air particles inhaled by a pregnant mother reach her placenta? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ELaUrOAboAQ

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